Observe thebone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) isolated primary cultured rat brain stem cells (NSC) differentiation induced by cholinergic effect. From 2-month-old rat hippocampus, striatum region isolated cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing EGF and bFGF, to Nestin (of nestin in parallel morphological characteristics of the cells in the light microscope,) cytochemical staining. After 24h, a switch of BMP4-containing culture medium, the culture was continued for 7 or 8 days. Morphological changes of the cells in the light microscope, parallel choline acetyltransferase (choline acetyltransferase staining of ChAT) and nestin double-labeled immune cells. The results showed that, plus BMP4 cultured for 7 or 8 days, the light microscope to see 34% of the cultured cells with the morphological characteristics of neurons. The immunocytochemical staining visible ChAT-positive cells and nestin-positive cells coexist ChAT-positive cells accounted for 28% of nestin-positive cells accounted for 38%. In short, in the culture broth was added the BMP4 can induce NSC differentiation into cells having a cholinergic properties

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In this experiment, we fracture repair process a BMP4mRNA Expression and localization of detected using BMP4cDNA probe, in order to investigate their role in fracture healing. It was found that: (1) not detected in normal bone tissue and soft tissue and BMP4mRNA expression; (2) early fracture (fracture after 12 to 72 hours) that a BMP4mRNA expression; (3) BMP4 gene mainly in early fracture hematoma emerging within the cell and fracture the surrounding soft tissue, expressed in mesenchymal cells. Consistent with the the Nakase other reported results. Bone marrow stromal cells may be derived from these hematoma, osteoblast potential of stem cells, i.e. directed into the bone precursor cells, the emerging positive cells in muscle tissue compared can induce osteogenic precursor cells, i.e. mesenchymal cells.

Trauma to activate the BMP4 gene's expression and showed some regional, that is limited to the fracture callus formation around the area of soft tissue. Topical application of exogenous recombinant expression product BMP4 able to induce new bone formation in normal soft tissue ectopic, so they think, local BMP4 gene expression of the fracture hematoma the osteogenic ability is the very important factor in the process of fracture healing callus formation also shows that the fracture hematoma and soft tissue has a very important position in the process of fracture healing. BMP4 gene expression is also reported in the literature in embryonic tissue, organs and embryonic bone, endochondral bone repair fractures embryonic osteogenesis reproduction, BMP4 only bone injury repair related, are more likely to tissues and organs and embryos related.

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Histological changes in the process of fracture healing is a complex and involve a number of different cell activities. Fracture occurs, the presence of the different stages of osteoblast and osteoclast number and their synthetic cell interstitial far can not meet the demand of the fracture healing. Local cell regulation mechanisms (including precursor cells, mesenchymal cells, other synergy cells, capillaries, lymphatic, nerve growth factor autocrine and paracrine) to produce a sufficient number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

With the development of recombinant DNA technology, making it possible therapeutic areas. Such as growth factors and some other regulatory peptides for the regulation of cell metabolism, division and differentiation in the bone healing process. Part in the process of fracture healing growth factors and cytokines involved in the formation of bone cartilage has been reported in the literature.

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